The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
Houriiyah Tegally
,
James San
,
Matthew Cotten
,
Monika Moir
,
Bryan Tegomoh
,
Gerald Mboowa
,
Darren Martin
,
Cheryl Baxter
,
Arnold Lambisia
,
Amadou Diallo
(1)
,
Daniel Amoako
,
Moussa Diagne
(1)
,
Abay Sisay
,
Abdel-Rahman Zekri
,
Abdou Salam Gueye
,
Abdoul Sangare
,
Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
,
Abdourahmane Sow
,
Abdualmoniem Musa
,
Abdul Sesay
,
Abe Abias
,
Adam Elzagheid
,
Adamou Lagare
(2)
,
Adedotun-Sulaiman Kemi
,
Aden Elmi Abar
,
Adeniji Johnson
,
Adeola Fowotade
,
Adeyemi Oluwapelumi
,
Adrienne Amuri
,
Agnes Juru
,
Ahmed Kandeil
,
Ahmed Mostafa
,
Ahmed Rebai
,
Ahmed Sayed
,
Akano Kazeem
,
Aladje Balde
,
Alan Christoffels
,
Alexander Trotter
,
Allan Campbell
,
Alpha Keita
(3, 4)
,
Amadou Kone
,
Amal Bouzid
,
Amal Souissi
,
Ambrose Agweyu
,
Amel Naguib
,
Ana Gutierrez
,
Anatole Nkeshimana
,
Andrew Page
,
Anges Yadouleton
,
Anika Vinze
,
Anise Happi
,
Anissa Chouikha
(5, 6)
,
Arash Iranzadeh
,
Arisha Maharaj
,
Armel Batchi-Bouyou
,
Arshad Ismail
,
Augustina Sylverken
,
Augustine Goba
,
Ayoade Femi
,
Ayotunde Sijuwola
,
Baba Marycelin
,
Babatunde Salako
,
Bamidele Oderinde
,
Bankole Bolajoko
,
Bassirou Diarra
,
Belinda Herring
,
Benjamin Tsofa
,
Bernard Lekana-Douki
,
Bernard Mvula
,
Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade
,
Blessing Marondera
,
Bouh Abdi Khaireh
,
Bourema Kouriba
,
Bright Adu
,
Brigitte Pool
,
Bronwyn Mcinnis
,
Cara Brook
(7, 8)
,
Carolyn Williamson
,
Cassien Nduwimana
,
Catherine Anscombe
,
Catherine Pratt
,
Cathrine Scheepers
,
Chantal Akoua-Koffi
,
Charles Agoti
,
Chastel Mapanguy
,
Cheikh Loucoubar
(1)
,
Chika Onwuamah
,
Chikwe Ihekweazu
,
Christian Malaka
(9)
,
Christophe Peyrefitte
(1)
,
Chukwa Grace
,
Chukwuma Omoruyi
,
Clotaire Rafaï
,
Collins Morang’a
,
Cyril Erameh
,
Daniel Lule
,
Daniel Bridges
,
Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka
,
Danny Park
,
David Rasmussen
,
David Baker
,
David Nokes
,
Deogratius Ssemwanga
,
Derek Tshiabuila
,
Dominic Amuzu
,
Dominique Goedhals
,
Donald Grant
,
Donwilliams Omuoyo
,
Dorcas Maruapula
,
Dorcas Wanjohi
,
Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko
,
Eddy Lusamaki
(10, 11, 4)
,
Edgar Simulundu
,
Edidah Ong’era
,
Edith Ngabana
,
Edward Abworo
,
Edward Otieno
,
Edwin Shumba
,
Edwine Barasa
,
El Bara Ahmed
,
Elhadi Ahmed
,
Emmanuel Lokilo
,
Enatha Mukantwari
,
Eromon Philomena
,
Essia Belarbi
,
Etienne Simon-Loriere
(12)
,
Etilé Anoh
,
Eusebio Manuel
,
Fabian Leendertz
,
Fahn Taweh
,
Fares Wasfi
(5, 6)
,
Fatma Abdelmoula
,
Faustinos Takawira
,
Fawzi Derrar
(13)
,
Fehintola Ajogbasile
,
Florette Treurnicht
,
Folarin Onikepe
,
Francine Ntoumi
,
Francisca Muyembe
,
Frank Ragomzingba
,
Fred Dratibi
,
Fred-Akintunwa Iyanu
,
Gabriel Mbunsu
,
Gaetan Thilliez
,
Gemma Kay
,
George Akpede
,
Gert van Zyl
,
Gordon Awandare
,
Grace Kpeli
,
Grit Schubert
,
Gugu Maphalala
,
Hafaliana Ranaivoson
(8)
,
Hannah Omunakwe
,
Harris Onywera
,
Haruka Abe
,
Hela Karray
,
Hellen Nansumba
,
Henda Triki
(5, 6)
,
Herve Albéric Adje Kadjo
(14)
,
Hesham Elgahzaly
,
Hlanai Gumbo
,
Hota Mathieu
,
Hugo Kavunga-Membo
,
Ibtihel Smeti
,
Idowu Olawoye
,
Ifedayo Adetifa
,
Ikponmwosa Odia
,
Ilhem Boutiba Ben Boubaker
,
Iluoreh Ahmed Muhammad
,
Isaac Ssewanyana
,
Isatta Wurie
,
Iyaloo Konstantinus
,
Jacqueline Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko
,
James Ayei
,
Janaki Sonoo
,
Jean-Claude Makangara
,
Jean-Jacques Tamfum
,
Jean-Michel Heraud
(1, 8)
,
Jeffrey Shaffer
,
Jennifer Giandhari
,
Jennifer Musyoki
,
Jerome Nkurunziza
,
Jessica Uwanibe
,
Jinal Bhiman
,
Jiro Yasuda
,
Joana Morais
,
Jocelyn Kiconco
,
John Sandi
,
John Huddleston
,
John Odoom
,
John Morobe
,
John Gyapong
,
John Kayiwa
,
Johnson Okolie
,
Joicymara Xavier
,
Jones Gyamfi
,
Joseph Wamala
,
Joseph Bonney
,
Joseph Nyandwi
,
Josie Everatt
,
Joweria Nakaseegu
,
Joyce Ngoi
,
Joyce Namulondo
,
Judith Oguzie
,
Julia Andeko
,
Julius Lutwama
,
Juma Mogga
,
Justin O’grady
,
Katherine Siddle
,
Kathleen Victoir
(15)
,
Kayode Adeyemi
,
Kefentse Tumedi
,
Kevin Carvalho
,
Khadija Said Mohammed
,
Koussay Dellagi
(15)
,
Kunda Musonda
,
Kwabena Duedu
,
Lamia Fki-Berrajah
,
Lavanya Singh
,
Lenora Kepler
,
Leon Biscornet
,
Leonardo de Oliveira Martins
,
Lucious Chabuka
,
Luicer Olubayo
,
Lul Deng Ojok
,
Lul Lojok Deng
,
Lynette Ochola-Oyier
,
Lynn Tyers
,
Madisa Mine
,
Magalutcheemee Ramuth
,
Maha Mastouri
,
Mahmoud Elhefnawi
,
Maimouna Mbanne
(1)
,
Maitshwarelo Matsheka
,
Malebogo Kebabonye
,
Mamadou Diop
(1)
,
Mambu Momoh
,
Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça
,
Marietjie Venter
,
Marietou Paye
,
Martin Faye
(1)
,
Martin Nyaga
,
Mathabo Mareka
,
Matoke-Muhia Damaris
,
Maureen Mburu
,
Maximillian Mpina
,
Michael Owusu
,
Michael Wiley
,
Mirabeau Tatfeng
,
Mitoha Ondo’o Ayekaba
,
Mohamed Abouelhoda
,
Mohamed Amine Beloufa
(13)
,
Mohamed Seadawy
,
Mohamed Khalifa
,
Mooko Marethabile Matobo
,
Mouhamed Kane
(1)
,
Mounerou Salou
,
Mphaphi Mbulawa
,
Mulenga Mwenda
,
Mushal Allam
,
My Phan
,
Nabil Abid
,
Nadine Rujeni
,
Nadir Abuzaid
,
Nalia Ismael
,
Nancy Elguindy
,
Ndeye Marieme Top
(1)
,
Ndongo Dia
(1)
,
Nédio Mabunda
,
Nei-Yuan Hsiao
,
Nelson Boricó Silochi
,
Ngiambudulu Francisco
,
Ngonda Saasa
,
Nicholas Bbosa
,
Nickson Murunga
,
Nicksy Gumede
,
Nicole Wolter
,
Nikita Sitharam
,
Nnaemeka Ndodo
,
Nnennaya Ajayi
,
Noël Tordo
(16)
,
Nokuzola Mbhele
,
Norosoa Razanajatovo
(8)
,
Nosamiefan Iguosadolo
,
Nwando Mba
,
Ojide Kingsley
,
Okogbenin Sylvanus
,
Oladiji Femi
,
Olubusuyi Adewumi
,
Olumade Testimony
,
Olusola Ogunsanya
,
Oluwatosin Fakayode
,
Onwe Ogah
,
Ope-Ewe Oludayo
,
Ousmane Faye
(1)
,
Pamela Smith-Lawrence
,
Pascale Ondoa
,
Patrice Combe
(17)
,
Patricia Nabisubi
,
Patrick Semanda
,
Paul Oluniyi
,
Paulo Arnaldo
,
Peter Kojo Quashie
,
Peter Okokhere
,
Philip Bejon
,
Philippe Dussart
(8)
,
Phillip Bester
,
Placide Mbala
,
Pontiano Kaleebu
,
Priscilla Abechi
,
Rabeh El-Shesheny
,
Rageema Joseph
,
Ramy Karam Aziz
,
René Essomba
,
Reuben Ayivor-Djanie
,
Richard Njouom
(18)
,
Richard Phillips
,
Richmond Gorman
,
Robert Kingsley
,
Rosa Maria D. E. S. A. Neto Rodrigues
,
Rosemary Audu
,
Rosina Carr
,
Saba Gargouri
,
Saber Masmoudi
,
Sacha Bootsma
,
Safietou Sankhe
(1)
,
Sahra Isse Mohamed
,
Saibu Femi
,
Salma Mhalla
,
Salome Hosch
,
Samar Kamal Kassim
,
Samar Metha
,
Sameh Trabelsi
,
Sara Hassan Agwa
,
Sarah Wambui Mwangi
,
Seydou Doumbia
,
Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
,
Sherihane Aryeetey
,
Shymaa Ahmed
,
Side Mohamed Ahmed
,
Siham Elhamoumi
,
Sikhulile Moyo
,
Silvia Lutucuta
,
Simani Gaseitsiwe
,
Simbirie Jalloh
,
Soa Fy Andriamandimby
(8)
,
Sobajo Oguntope
,
Solène Grayo
(16)
,
Sonia Lekana-Douki
,
Sophie Prosolek
,
Soumeya Ouangraoua
,
Stephanie van Wyk
,
Stephen Schaffner
,
Stephen Kanyerezi
,
Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
,
Steven Rudder
,
Sureshnee Pillay
,
Susan Nabadda
,
Sylvie Behillil
(19)
,
Sylvie Budiaki
,
Sylvie van der Werf
(19)
,
Tapfumanei Mashe
,
Thabo Mohale
,
Thanh Le-Viet
,
Thirumalaisamy Velavan
,
Tobias Schindler
,
Tongai Maponga
,
Trevor Bedford
,
Ugochukwu Anyaneji
,
Ugwu Chinedu
,
Upasana Ramphal
,
Uwem George
,
Vincent Enouf
(19)
,
Vishvanath Nene
,
Vivianne Gorova
,
Wael Roshdy
,
Wasim Abdul Karim
,
William Ampofo
,
Wolfgang Preiser
,
Wonderful Choga
,
Yahaya Ali Ahmed
,
Yajna Ramphal
,
Yaw Bediako
,
Yeshnee Naidoo
,
Yvan Butera
,
Zaydah de Laurent
,
Ahmed Ouma
,
Anne von Gottberg
,
George Githinji
,
Matshidiso Moeti
,
Oyewale Tomori
,
Pardis Sabeti
,
Amadou Sall
(1)
,
Samuel Oyola
,
Yenew Tebeje
,
Sofonias Tessema
,
Tulio de Oliveira
,
Christian Happi
,
Richard Lessells
,
John Nkengasong
,
Eduan Wilkinson
,
Aaron Shibemba
,
Abasi Ene Obong
,
Abayomi Fadeyi
,
Abbad Anas
,
Abd Elazeez Shabaan
,
Abd Monaem Adel
,
Abd Moniem Ain Shoka
,
W. Abdelhamid
,
Abdelilah Laraqui
,
Abdelkader Laatiris
,
Abdelkrim Meziane Bellefquih
,
Abdellah Faouzi
,
F. Abdelmoulah
,
Abdelomunim Essabbar
,
Abderrahmane Bimouhen
,
Abderraouf Hilali
,
I. Abdo
,
Abdou Padane
,
Abdoul Karim Sangaré
,
Abdoul Karim Soumah
,
Abdoulaye Djimde
,
Abdoulaye Toure
,
Abdoulie Kanteh
,
Abdulla Bashein
,
Abdullah Salama
,
Abe Lojuan
,
Abebe Genetu Bayih
,
Abel Abera Negash
,
Abel Lissom
,
N. Abid
,
Abla Konou
,
Abo Shama
,
O. Abosede
,
S. Abouelnaga
,
Abraham Ali
,
Abraham Kwabena Anang
,
Abraham Tesfaye
,
Adam Khan
,
Adamu Tayachew
,
Adane Mihret
,
Adba Alfatih Alemam
,
Adede Hawi
,
A. Adesegun
,
Adey Feleke Desta
,
Adib Ghassan
,
Adjaratou Traoré
,
B. Adjiratou Aissatou
,
Adodo Sadji
,
Adrian Egli
,
Adriano Mendes
,
Adugna Abera
,
Adul Candé
,
Afaf Alaoui
,
Afonso Pedro
,
B. Agbodzi
,
A.M. Ageez
,
Ahidjo Ayouba
,
Ahlam Alarif
,
Ahmed Kayed
,
Ahmed El-Taweel
,
Ahmed Elsayed
,
Ahmed Gad
,
Ahmed Fakhfakh
,
Ahmed Kandeil
,
M. Ahmed
,
Ahmed Mostafa
,
O. Ahmed
,
Ahmed Reggad
,
Ahmed Taha
,
Ahyong Vida
,
Aicha Bensalem
,
Aida Sivro
,
Aissam Hachid
,
F. Ajili
,
F.V. Ajogbasile
,
Akim Adegnika
,
Akoele Siliadin
,
Akwii Patience Natasha
,
Aladje Balde
,
Alan Lemtudo
,
Alaoui Sanaa-Amine
,
A. Alaruusi
,
Alassane Ouro-Medeli
,
Albert Nyunja
,
Alberto Rizzo
,
Alemseged Abdissa
,
Alemu Tike Debela
,
Alessandro Mancon
,
Alessandro Marcello
,
Alexander Goredema
,
Alexander Greninger
,
Alexis Ndjolo
,
Alexis Niyomwungere
,
Alfredo Mari
,
Alfredo Mayor
,
M.A. Ali
,
Ali Zumla
,
Alia Ben Kahla
,
Alia Grad
,
Alice Kabanda
,
Alie Tia
,
Alimou Camara
,
Alimuddin Zumla
,
Alle Baba Dieng
,
Almoustapha Maiga
,
Amadou Alpha Sall
,
Amadou Daou
,
Amal Naguib
,
Amal Souiri
,
Amal Zouaki
,
Amalou Ghita
,
Amandine Mveang-Nzoghe
,
Amariane Koné
,
Amariane Koné
,
Ambroise Ahouidi
,
Amel Benyahia
,
Amel Nagiub
,
K. Amer
,
Ameyo Dorkenoo
,
Amina Barkat
,
Aminata Dia
,
Aminata Mbaye
,
Aminata Mboup
,
Aminata Sileymane Thiam
,
Amine Idriss Lahlou
,
Amira Suliaman Wadi
,
Amivi Ehlan
,
Amujal Marion
,
Amuri Aziza
,
Amy Strydom
,
Anass Abbad
,
Anatole Nkeshimana
,
Andargachew Mulu
,
Anderrahmane Maaroufi
,
Andrea Luquette
,
Andreas Shiningavamwe
,
Andres Moreira-Soto
,
Andrew Azman
,
Andrew Bennett
,
Andrew Tarupiwa
,
Anga Latifa
,
Ange Badjo
,
Angel Angelov
,
Angela Brisebarre
,
Angela Detweiler
,
Angoune Ndong
,
Anja Werno
,
Anna Julienne Selbe Ndiaye
,
Anna-Lena Sander
,
B. Annajr
,
Annamaria d'Aprile
,
Anne van der Linden
,
Annemiek van der Eijk
,
Annette Erhart
,
Anou Somboro
,
Anoumou Dagnran
,
Anthony Ahumibe
,
Anthony Levasseur
,
Antje van der Linden
,
Antoine Dara
,
Anu Jegede-Williams
,
M. Aouni
,
A. Arjarquah
,
Arlene Uwituze
,
Arlo Upton
,
Armel Poda
,
Arsène Somé
,
Arsène Zongo
,
Arsenia Massinga
,
K.M. Asare
,
Ashaba Fred Katabazi
,
Asma Ferjani
,
Assane Dieng
,
Astou Gaye-Gaye
,
N. Atiga
,
Atsbeha Weldemariam
,
Augustina Arjaquah
,
A. Auld
,
Awa Ba-Diallo
,
Awatef Elmoussi
,
Awunyo Sena
,
Aya Mohamed
,
Ayman Farghaly
,
B. Ayo-Ale
,
F. Ayoade
,
Ayola Akim Adegnika
,
Ayong More
,
Ayorinde Babatunde James
,
Azami Nawfel
,
Azaria Diergaardt
,
Azuka Patrick Okwuraiwe
,
Babafemi Taiwo
,
S. Baboo
,
B. Bahadoor
,
A.A. Bahnassy
,
Bakary Sanyang
,
U. Bakry
,
Bamba Fatoumata Touré
,
Bamidele Iwalokun
,
R. Banda
,
S. Bane
,
Bankole Johnson
,
Barada Cisse
,
Barbra Murwira
,
Bas Oude Munnink
,
Armel Batchi-Bouyou
,
R. Batra
,
Beatrice Dhaala
,
Belayachi Lamiae
,
A.B. Belkhir
,
I. Ben Ayed
,
Ben Morton
,
Ben Moussa
,
Ben Wulf
,
Bénédicte Ndeboko
,
Benhida Rachid
,
Benjamiin Lindsey
,
Benjamin Foulkes
,
Benjamin Hounkpatin
,
Benjamin Selekon
,
M. Bensaid
,
Bernard Mpairwe
,
Bernard Ssentalo Bagaya
,
Bert Vanmechelen
,
Bertrand Lell
,
Beth Mutai
,
Bethlehem Adnew
,
Beuty Makamure
,
B. Bighignoli
,
Birahim Piere Ndiaye
,
Bishwo Adhikari
,
S.M. Bitrou
,
Blaise Mboringong Akenji
,
Bode Shobayo
,
Boitumelo Zuze
,
Bonifacio Manguire Nlavo
,
Bouchra Belfquih
,
Bouchra Boujemla
,
Bouna Yatassaye
,
Bouzidi Aymane
,
Brian Andika
,
Bright Yemi
,
Bronwyn Kleinhans
,
Bruna Galvao
,
Bubacar Delgado Pinto Embaló
,
Bulelani Manene
,